Salvador Allende and Augusto Pinochet (1970-3, 1973-1998)

Other Notes

Terms

Neoliberalism — free market w/ low tariffs, minimal gov’t involvement in economy, privatization of state institutions, lower state spending on social programs

Salvador Allende (democracy in crisis) 

POLICY OVERVIEW	Purpose	Practice	Result
Agricultural Reform
Increased Purchasing Power
Nationalization of Industry

Pinochet

when does he become head vs. when does he become president

Random Quote

Richard Nixon - “Make the economy scream.”

8 Stages of Revolution

	Allende’s Socialist Revolution	Pinochet’s Military Coup d’Etat
1. Accumulation of grievances	- Too much power to elite - Economy controlled by foreign powers (U.S. control of exports) - High poverty rates — shanty towns - Land distribution — rich owns most of land	- [1972-3] - lack of foreign aid/investment in Chile - economic depression - soaring inflation (500%) - difficult to buy food - lack of productivity on peasant run farms - [1972] Christian Democrats refuse to support UP government
2. Increased repression	- [1925] President Allessandri tries unsuccessfully to outlaw communism - [1927-31] Ibranez’ dictatorship	- jobs only given to Allende’s supporters - Allende’s ministers implemented policies without going through democratic process
3. Emergence of moderate leaders	- ‘Revolution in Liberty’ - socialist governments emerge - [1964-70] Eduardo Frei Montalva  - President of Christian Democratic Party	- [1972] military officials appointed to cabinet - [1973] Pinochet appointed commander-in-chief of armed forces
4. Triumph of radical leadership	- Emergence of Chile’s socialist party with Marxists ideology  - Allende emerges as head of Chile’s socialist party	- CIA funds military coup - labour strikes - people protest on street, calling for army to change gov’t
5. Symbolic revolution	- [1970] Allende wins presidential election for the Popular Unity Party (UP) a coalition of Socialist, Marxist, and Radicals	- September 11, 1973 Pinochet led the anny in a coup. Pinochet overthrow Allende and establishes himself as president
6. Implementation of reforms	- Copper mines are “nationalized” (bought) by new government	- Beginning of free market and privatization - Many members of the communist movement killed or missing - Pinochet becomes president and a virtual dictator  - All laws have to be passed through junta, but junta did not question Pinochet’s authority
7. Acceptance of revolution	- [1970-1] Majority supported gov’t - Chile lost major investor USA, as didn’t support Marxism - Supported by Cuba	- Internal protest not allowed - UN condemned Chile for human rights violations - [1982] U.S. is Chile’s leading investor - Secretly CIA helped fund coup - Foreign banks gave Chile large loans with low interest rates to support free market
8. Growth of counter revolution	see column 3	- [1983-4] Public protest of economic recession, which left many in poverty - [1988] Pinochet held a plebiscite to see if he should remain in power.  - the “no” side won - [1990] Pinoche replaced by democratically elected Patricio Aylwin  - [1990] Chile is a democracy, but the military still has veto power over new laws  - [1998] Pinochet stepped down as commander in Chief but retained title “Senator for life

Timeline

[1535] First explored by Spanish explorer, Diego de Almargro

[1541] Pedro de Valdivia established the city of Santiago

[1535-1818] from Spain and became a Republic

[1818-23] Dictatorship of Bernardo O’Higgins (Liberator 1818)

[1833-1925] conservative landowning elite form a Constitutional Republic government

[1879-83] war of the pacific with Chile defeating Bolivia and Peru

[1925] Alessandri makes constitutional reforms give the President more power

[1927-31] Military coup d’etat by Carlos Ibanez — forming a dictatorship

[1932-70] stable Republican-style governments

[1938-64] series of socialist/left-wing governments

[1970 Sept.] Dr. Salvador Allende of Popular Unity Party became first elected Democratic Marxist President

• “Open the Road Towards Socialism” — nationalization of copper mines

[1972] March of the Pots

[1973] National Unified School system draws ire of RCC — anti-religious education

• [August] President Allende appointed General Augusto Pinochet as the Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean army
• [Sept. 11] military coup by General Augusto Pinochet
  • leads to end of socialism and start of “worst dictatorship in L.A. history”
• [Sept. 13] Congress shut down, constitution suspended

[1974]

• [June 14] Decree Law No. 521 creates the NID, allows detainment 
• [June 17] Decree Law No. 527 makes him Supreme Chief of the Nation, without support of Air Force Head
• [Dec. 17] President of the Republic

[1977] political parties formally banned and dissolved

[1980] new constitution adopted by gov’t commission

[1986] Operation 20th Century by left-wing radicals, attempted assassination of Pinochet

[1988] Pinochet loses referendum, Chile becomes democratic republic

[1990] Pinochet resigns as Pres. but remains Commander-in-Chief of Chilean Army until 1998

[1990-4] Patricio Aylwin President

[1994] Eduardo Frei President

[1998] Pinochet resigns as Commander-in-Chief, became senator-for-life in accordance to 1980 constitution

[2000] Ricardo Lagos President, Pinochet charged with war crimes and put under “house arrest”… in mansion on large estate

[2001] Court rules Pinochet unfit for trial

[2004] Court ends Pinochet’s immunity from prosecution and put on house arrest again

[2005]

• [Nov. 24] Pinochet indicted in relation to Operation Colombo and put under house arrest AGAIN
• [Dec. 28] Pinochet fingerprinted and photographed

[2006 Dec. 10] Pinochet dies with 300 criminal charges pending for human rights abuse, tax evasion, embezzlement

• Michelle Bachelet Jeria became first female Chilean president

OPC Chart

Charles Horman Case
	Origin	Purpose	Content
Horman Family Copy (censored heavily)	comes from the Horman family during case against the U.S. department of state — Horman vs. Kissinger	publish information on the case (of the actual letter) to communicate the investigation proceedings into Horman case	“This case remains bothersome. The connotations for the Executive are not good.” perspective on the causes is censored - why GOC killed him - role of U.S. intelligence info on Enrique Sandoval’s brother censored - most likely to protect him, as intel agent in Chile CIA’s role censored connection to Teruggi and other cases
Declassified Copy (mostly decensored)	comes from State Department website — official release w/ partial declassification	to communicate the investigation proceedings into Horman case report research and findings	“This case remains bothersome.” role of U.S. intelligence reasons of action by GOC leads lack sufficient clear evidence on time and reasons for Horman’s death - Other actors accounts don’t fit - Coroner reports may be phony - GOC answers are not clear - overall more investigation needed connection to Teruggi and other cases

Paper 2 - Subject 10, Authoritarian States in the 20th Century

Emergence

Emergence
Conditions	Methods	Rise to Power & Legitimacy
economic difficulties provoked social unrest U.S. intervention political weakness and growing influence of right-wing beliefs, esp. in military Social: - fierce opposition to Allende with strikes for higher real pay due to 600% inflation - [1972] March of the Pots - right-wing encouraged businesses to hoard to increase scarcity - U.S. aid cut & demanding loans back - Inter-American Development Bank reducing aid to 8 million to truckers from CIA to strike - 1m+ to Fatherland and Liberty, fascist party - cut loans, demanded immediate repayment	Persuasion - Legal/Coercion - initially led by junta (army, police, navy, airforce), but emerged victorious through consolidating rule - originally supposed to have alternating presidency - [1974 June 17] Decree Law No. 527 makes him Supreme Chief of the Nation - [1974 Dec. 17] President of the Republic Role of Leaders - Ideology  - Force - [1973 Sept 11] Pinochet led coup against Allende - funded by CIA - debate on whether he led: other sources say he just joined in Propaganda -	read the fucking left side, figure it out :/

Economic difficulties resulting from Allende’s socialist policies caused social unrest.

• raise in wages, held prices → inflation
• inflation → shortages → black market

Failure of economic reforms also makes things worse.

• nationalization, but peasants don’t cooperate and get violent to seize land in peasant leagues

Political weakness due to low support.

• 36% of vote, 42% of congress
• nationalization offends US

Consolidation

Legal/Coercion: 

• shut down democratic institutions
• [1973 Sept. 13] Congress shut down 
• suspends the constitution
• suspension of oppositional parties
• martial law
• suspension of civil rights; right to assembly, freedom of press, etc.

Force:

• [1974 June 14] Decree 521
• creation of secret police (National Intelligence Directorate NID) human rights abuses
• allows detainment of anyone under state of emergency
• brutal displays of power to intimidate population=
• death flights
• eradication of socialists
• rounded up PU supporters to torture, exile, and kill
• broke Chilean left through murder of thousands and 30k exiles
• Operation Condor
• disappearances

Persuasion:

Propaganda:

Foreign Policy:

Legal methods used to consolidate power.

• [1973 Sept. 13] Congress shut down

• suspends constitution, opposition parties

• martial law

Force used to get rid of opposition.

• [1974 June 14] NID & detainment in Decree 521
• eradication of UP supporters, murder of thousands & 30k exiles
• Operation Condor

Maintenance

Legal/Coercion:

• re-wrote the constitution [1980]
• stays as Senator after term
• dissolved and prohibited all political parties in 77 
• censored press
• curfews — leads to disappearances in Op. Condor
• at least 3000 disappeared or killed according to succeeding gov’ts
• capitalist policies benefit middle/upper class
• support, as rich prospered thanks to consumer boom
• 80% wealth in top 5%
• some loss of support in 1983-4 due to depression

Force:

• traditional gendered roles of women enforced — dresses only
• however treated the same in prison camps, torture
• sexual assault common
• continued use of repression and violence
• Operation Condor

Persuasion:

• Aid organizations led by women and volunteers who supported Pinochet 
• Social work included: helping the aged, children’s hospitals, the blind, the disabled, and people who needed assistance in Chile in general 
• Sewing, arts & crafts, food prep, and hygiene courses for members
• Members were mostly middle class women and military officer’s wives whom Pinochet consider his staunchest supporters Latin America: Chile 

Propaganda:

• Pinochet used consultas or plebiscites to document support and respond to human right abuse accusations 
• 1978 he claimed 70% support
• co-opted women into volunteer organisation such as Mother’s Centres, led by Pinochet’s wife
• meetings involved scaring members about communism and how the gov had saved Chile

Foreign Policy:

• capitalist policies maintain U.S. support
• free market ideology, privatization of public sector, tariff cuts
• foreign companies profited while Chilean businesses suffered due to cheaper foreign imports

Legal methods used to gain support and maintain position of power”

• [1980] new constitution
• [1977] dissolve political parties
• curfews, censorship
• capitalist policy gather support of upper/middle class

Foreign policy

• get U.S. support with free market, tariff cuts

Aid organizations led by women promoted Pinochet.

Downfall

arrogance in plebiscite — assumed that the economic growth would make him popular, but vote for “no” wins

arrested for humans rights abuses — kept under house arrest for rest of life

Policies

Economic	Purpose	Practice	Result
Neoliberalism (Chicago Boys)	to revitalize the economy through free trade principles  gain the continued favour/support of the US by favouring foreign companies	- minimizing government intervention - balance the budget by cutting  - social security - pension plans - banned trade unions 1977-80  - international trade/movement of capital  - reduction of tariffs: blanket 10%  - allowed the market to decide how to allocate resources between industry and export sector [Williamson], avoided rivalry (compare with Peron who neglected exports)  - incentives for foreign investment and capital  - grew luxury good production but not industry to produce basic needs  - invited Anaconda back  - copper accounted for 95% of export earnings	unemployment triples wages dropped 7% 80% of wealth in 5% of popn. 41% of people below poverty line taxes raised national debt up BUT 11% economic growth inflation falls from 600% to 8.9% in 1980s First Crisis: 1974-75 (worst year; Williamson) Growth 75-81  - GDP (current USD) in 1981 3x in 1971 - economic growth (Friedman: “economic miracle” in 1982) - growth depended on foreign investment and copper prices Second Crisis: 1981-1983  - Debt  - rising foreign debt: highest per capita debts in the world  - debt servicing consumed 80% of export earnings  - Export  - falling export earnings  - GNP  - GNP dropped 14% in 1982, at the time the steepest drop in LA = by 1983 the economy had completely collapsed, slowly recovered to pre-crisis levels for the rest of the decade 1. increasing poverty and inequality [Burns]  1. left 7 million out of 12 million Chileans impoverished [Burns]  2. # of ppl living in poverty increased 7 fold  3. deepened gulf between workers and industrialists due to  1. high unemployment  2. repression of trade unions

Political	Purpose	Practice	Result
Constitutional Change	maintaining power	1980 new constitution	preserves his role of senator
Dissolving Political Parties	remove opposition

Social	Purpose	Practice	Result
Policies towards Women	Maintain support in society through women-led aid organizations	Social work included: helping the aged, children’s hospitals, the blind, the disabled, and people who needed assistance in Chile in general  Sewing, arts & crafts, food prep, and hygiene courses for members  Members were mostly middle class women and military officer’s wives whom Pinochet consider his staunchest supporters	Increased support from the members who were indoctrinated by Pinochet’s ideologies

Opposition (weak/moderate/strong) — social, economic, political, cultural, women, minorities

	Cause	Extent	Response
Women	reinforcement of trad roles
Church (RCC)	morally criticized Pinochet’s regime	provided relief to poor excommunicated perpetrators of crimes and pressured government to lift “state of siege”
Allende Supporters Radicals			- Daily curfews  - censorship of the press, radio, and TV  - Purged public offices, universities, and judiciary  - Leftists and sympathizers of the Allende government were detained and tortured by the military’s systematic persecution - National Intelligence Directorate (DINA) had covert operations with Argentine and Brazilian military gov, where they detained political personages in Argentina, Italy, and the US
Lower/Middle Class “Communists”	- During the slump of 1983-84 opposition became violent  - it seemed as if Pinochet may be forced to step down  - military wing of the Communist party (FPMR) came very close to assassinating Pinochet in 1986  - opposition tried to the cripple the gov by organizing strikes		- state of siege declared  - crackdown on freedom and dissenters  - failed because the opposition could not unite, and violence alienated the middle class  - the economy also started to improve after 1985  - debt crisis throughout LA meant they couldn’t entirely blame Pinochet
U.S. condemnation	human rights violations

Paper 3 - Subject 14, Political Developments in Latin America (1945-1980)

• Democracy in Crisis

• Reasons for the failure of elected leaders 

• political 

• social 

• economic 

• Rise of military dictatorship in [1 country] 

• reasons for their rise 

• policies 

• economic 

• social 

• repression/treatment of the opposition 

Democracy in Crisis

Implementation of Democracy	Reasons for Failure
	Allende sworn in [4 September 1970] w/ 36% plurality – Popular Unity coalition.  - Immediate counteraction – General Schneider assassinated in Oct by the CIA under Nixon administration in the United States.  - 42% share of Congress – minority. Counteraction from Nixon continued – encouraged capital flights as well as took economic action against Allende.  - 700k from US to fund El Mercurio, an anti-Allende newspaper.  - 2m and also demanded payment for previous loans totaling hundreds of millions, almost impossible to pay back shortly.  Aimed to address “underdevelopment” – caused by dependence on foreign economies and international capitalism by nationalizing industry and land.  - Economic crises caused by short-term policies plays against him Redistribute income – increased real pay and price controls.  - Led to huge inflation as production lagged behind demand – high at 600%, which obscures the price control impact.  - 15% deficit first year of presidency.  - Quantity of money in circulation created bottlenecks in production.  - Strikes in 1972 (Pots), 1972 (Truckers), 1973 (Truckers and Miners).  - Furthered by lack of foreign loans – only $2m from IADB.  Socialist gov’t – could not decrease wages or increase taxes which increased problems. Retaliation from business class – capital flight and lockouts of workers.  - Expropriated “excess profits” from Anaconda, ITT and nationalized their holdings like copper and communications – created enemies. Followed the CD’s plans and expropriated land >80 hectares – inefficient as left most in conservative landowner hands and peasantry got minimal help.  - Still did more in 14 months than CD in 6 years.  - Peasantry did not cooperate – preferred own private land.  - Could not recoup money invested in rural infrastructure and reorganization.  - Revolutionary Left illegally seized land – divisions in the Left.  - Drained money that could be used elsewhere. Left divided in terms of means to the same ends – gradual or revolutionary? [1972] Supply Committee to address food shortage concerns – placate the March of the Pots in the same year. - Populist tactic – stopped by late-1972 trucker strikes. [1973] Unified School System lost supp. of RCC – anti-religious education caused huge strikes and a state of emergency to be declared in 20 Chilean provinces.  [Post-1972] goodwill from Middle Class gone – Allende forced to make concessions to slow nationalization of small businesses, but Rev. Left undoes the goodwill gained.  - Appoints military to his cabinet – Gen. Carlos Prats as Minister of War 1973 to shore up support – Prats’ resignation Aug. 1973 → Pinochet added.  - Revolutionary Left and right-wing extremists in fights throughout 1973 – shows that Allende had lost control of situation in Chile.  - Military begins to ignore rightist militant groups; Pinochet throws coup Sept.

**